Raal Lakria. Stavorniims, in his Voyaijcs
to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in
writing of the coinage of Surat, says :
'
' All
foreign coins are tal?en according to their
weight and assay; but the Mexican dollars,
or Pieces of Eight, Ivnown among the
natives by the appellation of raal lakria,
must, if weighed, contain seventy-three
waals. '
'
Rabayeasee. See Rebia.
Rabenpfennige. See Denarii Corvorum.
Raderalbus, frequently abbreviated into
Rader, is the name given to a variety of
the Albns issued by the Archbishops of
Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, and by the
Dukes of Juliers, Berg, etc., during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
The armorial bearings on these coins
were copied from the Electorate of Mainz,
which include a double cross within a circle
; this design was easily mistaken for a
wheel by the common people, hence the
name.
A larger coin of the same type has received
the name of Radersehilling.
Rag. An obsolete English slang term
for a Farthing.
Beaumont and Fletcher in their play
The Captain, 1613 (iv. 2), use the phrase,
"Not a rag, Not a Deniere, " and in A
Dictionary of the Canting Crew, printed
circa 1700, occurs the definition, "Rag, a
Farthing."
Rag Money. A nickname given to the
paper money introduced during the Civil
War in the United States.
During the Oreenback agitation the advocates
of unlimited paper money were
often dejiicted by the cartoonists as nursing
a rag doll, in allusion to the fact that the
paper on wliich the Greenbacks were
printed was made almost entirely from
linen rags.
Ragno. Tlie name given to the Lira
Troll in Bologna.
Ragusino. Sec Visliiio.
Raha. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, and of half the value of the
Sihansah [q.v.).
[
Raha. The word for money in the language
of the Esthonians, who inhabited a
district to the south of the Gulf of Finland.
See Skins of Animals (infra).
Raij. See Tankah.
Raimondine, or Raymondine. The
name given to the Denar struck by the
Counts of Toulouse, whose principal mint
was at Albi, in the Department of Tarn.
The Counts of Toulouse from 1088 to 1249
all bore the name of Raimond, and this
name occurs on all the coins. See Blanchet
(i. 339).
Raining Flowers. See Hana Furi Kin.
Raitpfennlge. See Rechenpfennige.
Raku Sen, or Fancy Sen. The Japanese
name for those coins made in imitation generally
of regular pieces but larger or more
elaborate.
Rama-tanka. The name given to gold
cup-shaped medals of varying sizes issued
in Southern India, especially by the kings
of Vijayanagara. They were originally introduced
to commemorate the enthronement
of the king. They bear the design of
the durbar, or inauguration ceremony of
Rama, with his consort Siva, in the ancient
city of Ayodhya. Tlie other side has Hanuman
standing holding a club.
Ramtinkis. An incorrect spelling of
Rama-tanka.
Rana Shahi Kori. See Kori.
Randschrift. A term used by German
numismatic writers to indicate an inscription
on the edge of a coin or medal.
Rap was a counterfeit coin in circulation
in Ireland after the regular coinage had
ceased in 1696. The nominal value of the
Rap was a half-penny, but intrinsically it
was not worth even a farthing.
Swift, in his Drapicr's Letters, 1724
(i.), says "Copper lialfpence or farthings
. . . have been for some time very scarce,
and many counterfeits passed about under
the name of raps."
Tlie expressions "not worth a rap," "I
care not a rap," etc., can be traced to the
insignificant value of this coin.
196]
Rappen Ready
R. Twiss, in his Tour in Ireland, 177C
(73), has: "The heg<rers . . . oflFering a
bad halfpenny, which they eall a rap;" and
Jiilm Wilson, in Nuctes Anihroxidniir (i.
1282), mentions "Ane o' tlie bawbees o' an
obsolete sort . . . what thev ea' an Eerisli
rap."
Byron, in Von ! unn (eaiito xi. 84), says:
"I have seen tin- Landholders without a
rap,"
Rappen, or more correctly Rappe, is a
corruption of Knhe, a raven, and was bestowed
oritriiially on small silver coins
struck at Fi-eiliurg in Breisgau iu the
fourteenth century. See Denarii Corvorum.
The name was afterwards applied to all
coins having the figure of this bird and
consequently we find the expressions Rappenlieller,
Rappensehillinge, etc.
In the Swiss cantons the Rappen was formerly
the tenth part of the Batzen, but
since the introduction of the Latin Union
system, the Rappen was made eqiuil to the
Centime, and is struck in copper as the one
hundredth part of the Franc, Multiples
exist in nickel,
Rasi. A gold coin of Travancore computed
at ten Chakrams, Elliot, Coins of
Southern India (iii, 3), states that it dates
from a period anterior to the seventh or
eighth century, and adds, "though seldom
seen in circulation, it is still the denomination
used in Northern ALilabar for recording
the value of lands aiul the ancient revenue
assessed on them ; but for all ordinar3'
transactions, it has long been superseded by
the Kali Fanam, five of which are equal to
one Rasi,"
Rathausthaler. The name given to a
silver coin of Zurich struck to commemorate
the foundation of the City Hall in
1698, It is from designs by H. J. BuUinger
and has on one side a picture of the
l)uilding, and on the reverse a view of the
city of Zurich.
The same title is given to an undated
silver coin of Nuremberg from designs by
P. II. Miiller. This has a view of the townhall
on the obverse, and an illustration of
the citv on the reverse. See Madai (No.
2313).
Rathspraesentger. A silver coin of Aixla-
Chapelle struck for the value of 10
[
Marks iu 1711, and the same design was
employed in 1752 for pieces of 8 Marks and
32 Marks, The value is given in figures on
a shield which is placed on the breast of
the eagle on the obverse. The reverse has
the coronation insignia on an altar and the
inscription locvs , coronationis . c.^s.\re.«.
Rath Zeichen. The name used by German
luimismatists to describe tokens issued
by a municipality or by civic authorities.
Rati Seed. The unit of weight of the
early monetary .system of India and e(iual
to 1,75 grains troy. It was the seed of
the Abrus precatoriu.t, or wild licorice.
One hundred Ratis, i.e., 175 grains,
formed the Sata-raktika, a weight of fine
metal, and this was used as the basis of the
Rupee in 1542 and of the gold Mohur
about a century earlier. The latter coin
was, however, for a brief period raised to
200 grains, but reverted to the Sata-raktika.
See Pana.
Ratitus. See Nummus Ratitus.
Rautengroschen, Rautenheller. These
terms are applied to various issues of Saxony
from the fifteenth century to comparatively
modern times. The word Raute,
means rue, and the bar composed of rue
leaves is conspicuous on the armorial shield
of Saxony.
Rawani. See Tankah.
Rawranoke. A corruption of Roanoake
(q.v.).
Raymondine. See Raimondine.
Razor Money. Sec Knife Money.
Reaal. The name given to the Real in
the Low Countries where it was not only
extensively copied but also struck in gold,
receiving the name of Gouden Reaal, or
Real d'Or. The latter coin was issued
uiuler Maximilian and Philip (1482-1494)
in Brabant and Holland, and the coinage
continued until 1580. See Van der Chijs,
(p. 267).
The silver Reaal was also common in the
latter part of the fifteenth century and
dated specimens appeared as earlv as 1487
(Frey, Nos. 285, 288).
In 1821 a small silver coin, bearing the
inscription i ueaal w-as struck for the
Dutch settlement in Cura(,'ao.
Ready, usually found as "the ready."
An elliptical expression for money immeldiately available and used in this sense
as early as the beginning of the fifteenth
century. Other forms are ready money,
ready gold, ready penny, ready sterling,
etc.
Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Alsatui,
1688 (i. 1), mentions "the ready";
and Goldsmith in the Eton Latin Grammar
says, Aes in presenti perfectum format, i.e.,
"Ready money makes a man perfect."
Real. A silver coin current in .such
parts of Spain as were not conquered by
the Moors. It was first struck at Seville
and Burgos by Pedro III, king of Castile
(1350-1368), and was called Nummus
Realis, "money of tlie king," from which
the name Real was abbreviated. It was
one eightli of the Peso, and was divided
into 34 Maravedis or eight and one half
Cuartos, and there are multiples as high
as fifty Reales in silver and one hundred
Reales in gold. See Cinquantina and Rial.
The coin continued in use in Spain up to
the time of the Revolution of 1869-1870,
and was succeeded by the Peseta. It was
extensively struck in Mexico, the Central
American Republics, and in many countries
in South America.
Wlien the East India Company was chartered
in 1600, it struck a silver Crown,
Half-Crown, Sliilling, and Sixpence for use
in India, and these pieces were also known
as eight Reales, four Reales, two Reales,
and Real. A one twenty-fourtli Real was
issued by James II for the plantations in
Nortli America, which lias a reverse inscription
VAL 24 P.\UT REAL HISPAN.
For a detailed account of this coin and its
numerous varieties, etc., see Heiss, and for
the Portuguese equivalents .tee Milreis.
Real Branco. A silver coin of Groa,
mentioned in tlie Lendas da India (circa.
1550), and eomiiuted at seven liundred and
twenty Reaes. There is a corresponding
half.
Real d'Or. See Reaal.
Realito nv Realillo. A Spanish word moaning a small Real. It is applied to a series of silver Reales struck by Philip II and Philip III as Counts of Barcelona.
The type usually reads barcino civitas,
1613, etc.
[ 198
Realone. A silver coin of the value of eight Reals struck in Genoa by the Banco di San Georgio in 1666. Its purpose was
for trading with Spain and the Levant.
Real Portuguez. A silver coin of Portugal
which first appeared in the reign of
Fernando I (1367-1383) and was equal to
ten Dinheiros. A somewhat smaller variety
was issued under Joao I (1383-1433) ;
it was called the Real Cruzado and had
a value of only nine Dinheiros. Still another
variety, known as the Real Grosso,
was struck in the reign of Alfonso V (1438-
1481) and was valued at eleven Dinheiros.
Some later issues show a value of ten
Soldos, and others of forty Reis on the
face of the coins, and when the Real was
struck in copper in the reign of Sebastian
(1557-1578) its value declined to one tenth
of its silver predecessors. The half Real
was commonly known as Chimfram.
Real Preto. See Ceitil.
Reap Silver. See Plough Silver.
Reaux. Tlie French equivalent for
Reales. Pieces of five Reaux were struck
at Barcelona in 1641 and 1642, and for
Oran there were issued copper four and
eight Reaux in 1691.
Rebah. An early Jewisli weight standard
; it was equal to one fourth of the
Shekel. See 1 Samuel (ix. 8).
Rebellenthaler The name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry .Julius, Duke of
Bruuswiek-Liineburg in 1595. It was issued
to commemorate his victory over
certain rebellious vassals, and the reverse
refers to the sedition of Korah, as described
in Numbers (.\vi.). See also Madai (No.
1110).
Rebellion Token. The name given to a
variety of the Sou tokens issued by La
Bautpie du Peuple of Montreal, Canada,
which bears a wreath of five maple leaves,
among which was surreptitiously inserted
a star of hope and a Phrj^gian cap of
liberty.
Rebel Money. A name given to a series
(if Crowns and half Crowns which were issued
in 1643, probably l)y the "Confederated
Catholics" at Kilkenn.v, Ireland. They
are to some extent imitations of the Ormond
Money (q.v.). See also British Numismatic
Journal (ii. 348).
]
Rebi Regensburger
Rebia, also vai'iously called Rabayeasee
and lial)ayialis(>i>, is a frold coin of the Ottoiiiaii
Kiiipire and the foiirtli part of the
Piinduk, tlioujrh it also passes in circulation
for the third part of a Zer-mahhuh.
Its weight is about thirteen and a lialf
grains, and its name is derived from reba,
a fourtii i)art.
The silver Rebia, also known as the Onlik,
is of the value of ten Paras or the
fourth ]iart of a Piastre. It weighs from
fifty to seventy grains. Since the readjustment
of the Turkisii currency, the Onlik of
the modern coinage is eijual to nine and one
one quarter Piastres.
Rebia Budschu. SVr P>udscliu.
Rechenpfennige, or Raitpfennige. The
name given to certain jetons originall.v intended
for purposes of computation, the
earliest specimens of which can be traced to
France in tlie thirteenth century. They
ai)i)eai'ed in Brabant under Pliilip the
(lood (14;iO-1467) and in Germany al)out a
iuindred years later. Large quantities
were issued at Nuremberg, and in the Low-
Countries they were circulated under the
name of Legpenninge.
Later tlie.v were employed as counters
at games, and are consciiueutly now chiefly
known as Spielpfennige or Spielmarken.
For an exhaustive paper on the subject sre
Ferrer, in Spink (i. 5).
Rechnungsmiinzen. S(< Jloney of Account.
Red, A. This term is sonietiines aiijilied
to a copper coin in alhision to its color, but
it is more generally found in conjunction
with a substantive and used in a negative
sense, e.g., "1 am without a red cent."
Obsolete forms occur in which the eombiluition
was employed for gold coins on
account of their ruddv appearance. Thus
T. Howell, in his I'onus. loGS (i. <)1), has
the line: " Ich shall not mis of red ones to
haue store,"' and John Fletcher in his plav
The Mad Lover, 1625 (v. 4), says:
"There's a red rogue to buy thee handkerchiefs."
Reddite Crown. A ])attcrn by Thomas
Simon. It is of the same type and bears
the same legends as the Petition Crown
(q.v.), and is from the same dies, but the
edge is inscribed reddite . qv^ . c^saris .
c^SARi, etc. See liudinij (x.x.xiv. 7).
Red Harp. A nickname given to the
firoals and half Groats of Henry VIII and
Edward \'l, struck for Irelanil, pi'obably
on account of the baseness of the metal, the
copper in the composition coming to the
surface soon after they were put in circulation.
See Harp.
Red Money. By an Act of the Assembly
of the State of JIaryland, of May 10.
1781, there was an issue of bills to which
was given the name of Red IMoney. This
differed from previous issues in having the
border of the notes printed in red. About
£200,000 in face value was issued, and it
was based upon the confiscated lands of
P)ritisli subjects in Maryland of an estimated
value of €;)()(), 000. " :\I(.st of this confiscated
projjcrty was in lands, for which
there was not a readj' market, and the
greater portion was disposed of on credit,
and final settlement was not effected until
long after the war was over.
Redotatos. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1:342 in which coins of this name
are mentioned as being base silver pieces
of Dauphinj- of the value of two and four
Deniers.
Reeding. The milling on the edge of a
coin. The corrugations on the rim are
parallel and run either transversely or obliquely.
Referendum Dollar. The name given
to a series of octagonal silver tokens issiu'd
by Joseph Ijcsher at Victor, Colorado, in
the j'ear 1900. There are five varieties,
each one of which contains an ounce of
coin silver. Lesher called them Referendum
Dollars because they are to be referred
to the people for acceptance or rejection.
The United States government officials
stopped all coinage of the pieces and
seized the dies.
Refrappe. A term used by French numismatic
writers to indicate a restrike.
Regalis Aureus. .Sec Royal d'Or.
Regenbogenschiissel, also called Iriden.
The name given to Keltic concave gold
coins issued in Southwestern (icrmany and
the Rhine Provinces by the Boii.
Regensburger. The name of a former
Bavarian money of account extensively
used at Munich, Ratisbon, etc. Four hundred
and iiinetv-two Regen.sburger went to the so-ealled Regensburger Pfund. See
Nohaelc (p. 692).
Regiments Thaler. A silver coin struck
at the city of Ulm in 1622. The obverse
has a view of the town and on the reverse
are eight armorial shields of the magistrates
or to^^Ti councillors and the inscription
: * PRO * PATRIA * CVNCTA * ET * PACERE
* ET * PERRE * PARATi * A few Specimens
were struck in gold.
Reichsalbus. A name given to a variety
of the Albus which was adapted to the currencies
of the Palatinate, ]Mainz, Frankfort
a. M., and Hanau. It was the equivalent
of eight Pfennige, or two Kreuzer, or one
half Batzcn, and occurs also in multiples of
doubles and triples.
Reichsgulden. A general name for a
denomination representing two thirds of
the Thaler (q.v.). It was formerly extensively
used in the South German states.
Reichsmiinzen. This term was establisliod
in the German Empire pursuant to
an ordinance of July 9, 1873. The designation
Reichsmark is consequently the official
one, but the name Mark is retained on
the coinage.
Reichsort. See Ort.
Reichsthaler. The name given to the
Speciesthaler by an ordinance of 1623. See
Thaler.
Reine. An ordinance of 1310 mentions
" Dcnkrs d'or, que I'on appelle Deniers a
la Reine," but no such coins are in existence.
Some authorities think that it was a
gold Denier struck by Louis IX of France
in honor of his mother, Queen Blanche.
Others identify it with a small Masse d'Or
generally attributed to Philip III of France
(1270-12S5), on which the king is represented
in the act of receiving the royal
mantle from the queen. See Blanchet,
(i. 146).
Reinoldigroschen. The name given to a
silver coin of the city of Dortmund, issued
during the tiftccnth century, and which receives
its title from the figure of Renaldus,
the patron saint of the city, which is found
on one side of tlie coin. Ilalf and quarter
Groschcn of the same design were also
struck.
Reis, plural of Real. See Milreis.
[
Reisedaler. The name given to a silver
coin issued by Frederick V of Denmark in
1749, and specially struck for Norway. It
had a value of six Marks and appears to
have been made of native silver.
Reisethaler. Sec Schiffsthaler.
Rektorsthaler. See Vislino.
Rempel Heller. The nickname given to
certain Heller struck in Breslau in 1422 in
large cpiantities. They bear on one side
the head of St. John the Baptist, which was
supposed to resemble that of Nikolaus Rempel,
a justice of Breslau.
Renaissjuice Medals. A general name
for the Italian medals of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries which exhibit beautiful
workmanship compared with their predecessors.
There are a large number of treatises
on the subject, e.g., by Friedliinder,
Armand, and Lenormant in the Tresor de
Numisiiiatique et de Ghjptique, 1834-1850.
Repentigny Tokens. The name given to
a series of pattern pieces which were intended
to be used as passes over the bridge
near Montreal, Canada, similar to the Bout
de L'Isle Tokens (q.v.). They are dedescribed
in detail by Breton (p. 55).
Rep Silver. See Plough Silver.
Resellado. A Spanish term for recoined
or re-stamped money. A piece of
ten Reales, also called Duro Resellado, was
issued by Ferdinand VII in 1821 with the
word Resellado upon it, thus indicating a
re-coinage.
Restitution Coins. A term applied to
such pieces as were re-coined at some time
after their original emission. Such coins
frequently occur in the Roman series and
usually bear the word restituit or the abbreviated
form REST.
The Restitution Coins first appear under
Titus and end under Trajan. The latter issued
a large number of them commemorative
of some of his predecessors.
Restrike. A later impression from an
original die.
Reverse, from the Latin rcvertere, to
turn over, is the opposite of Obverse {q.v.).
The inscriptions on the reverse of a coin
are usually considered of lesser import than
those on the obverse.
Rheingold Dukat. See Ausbeutemiinzen.
200]
Rheinischer Albus Rijksdaalder
Rheinischer Albus. Rheinischer Schilling.
The name friven to the (iros and its
corresi)()ndiiig half struek in the Rhenisli
Provinces during tlie sixteenth century.
They freciuently bear an inscription reading
MONETA . NOVA . RENENS '.
Rhino. A slang term for monej'. John
G. Saxe in his poem Poh/phemns and Ulysses
(ii.), has the following rhyme:
Drunker than any one you or I know,
Who buys his "Uhinlsh" with ready rhino.
Rial, or Ryal. A silver coin of Morocco
which occurs in both round and rectangular
form. It eorres]ionded to the Spanish
Real and was divided into thirteen and
a half Ukkias. For a detailed account of
its comparative weight and fineness see
Noback (p. 243).
The Rial of the modern Morocco coinage
is sometimes known as the Piastre, and is
subdivided into one hundred Centimos. It
corresponds in value to the quarter Franc
or quarter Peseta, and must eoiiseciuently
not be confused with the Turkish Piastre.
See Abbasi.
For Zanzibar, the Rial has been issued
since A.II. 1299 with Arabic inscriptions,
and is the size of a dollar.
Rial Budschu. See Budschu.
Riccio. An Italian word meaning curly.
It was applied to the silver Testone of
forty Soldi made by Benvenuto Cellini for
Alessandro de Medici, of Florence (1533-
ir)36), on account of the curly head on the
obverse. See Symonds, Life of Cellini
(i. Ixxx.).
Rice was a current medium of exchange
during the later prehistoric age of -Japan.
See Munro (pp. 19-20). It was extensively
used in the payment of taxes and government
officials readily accepted it.
Riddock. See Ruddock.
Rider. A Scotch gold coin issued by
James III in 1475, in his second coinage.
It receives its name from tiie figure of the
king on a galloping horse, and its weight
was eighty grains.
There are divisions of one (piarter, one
third, one half, and two thirds, some of
which are assigned to this monarch and
others to his successor, James IV. See
Rijder.
[•
Ridi, i.e., Silver. A name used in Sinhalese
literature to designate the hookmoney.
This term, however, was probably
applied to other silver money before the introduction
of the Lariiis. The term Ridi
jiahayi, i.e., five Ridis, is still used in remote
districts in the sense of a Ilix Dollar.
Rhys Davids (sec. 73) states that no
specimens of the Ridis have survived.
Riding Money. See Pi Tch'eng Ma.
Rigmarie. An obsolete dialect term used
both in England and Scotland for a coin of
small value. The name is supjjosed to have
originated from one of the base silver coins
struek during the reign of Mary (1553-
1558) which had the worils reg. maria. as
part of the inscription.
Rigsdaler. The Danish equivalent of
the Reichsthaler. It was divided, into six
Marks of sixteen Skillings. The double
Rigsdaler was called the Speciesdaler, or
Rigsbankdaler.
Rijder. A coin of the United Provinces,
Friesland, etc. It obtains its name from
the armored knight on horseback figured
on the obverse, and the term was applied
to any coin bearing this device irrespective
of the metal. The issues in gold, called
Gouden Rijder were synonymous with the
Scottish Rider of James III, and the
French Cavalier. The gold Rijder of
Gueldres was first issued in 1581 and that
of Friesland in 1583. The Nederlandschc
Rijder was ordered to be struck early in
the year 1606 according to the Muntplucuut
of that year.
The silver Rijder, or Rijderdaalder was
also originally issued in 1581 according to
the Ordonnantie. It was copied in Friesland,
etc. This coin is .sometimes referred
to as the Ducaton, and it was usuallj^ computed
at forty Stuivers.
Rijjal. A silver denomination in the
modern Persian series equal to one Kran
and five Shahi.
Rijksdaalder, or Rix Daler. The Dutch
(Miuivaleiit of the Reichsthaler. It was i.ssued
early in the sixteenth century and was
I'etained in the currency as late as the
reign of Louis Napoleon (1806-1810).
The designation is retained as a popular
name for the current silver coin of two and
one half Gulden of the Netherlands.
Riksdaler. The Scandinavian equivalent
of Reiclisthaler. It was introduced by
Gustav I of Sweden (1521-1560) and divided
into twelve Marks. Since tlie uionetarj'
convention of 1875 it represents fortyeiglit
Skillings, or one hundred Ore. Spp
Daler.
Riksort. See Ort.
Rin. A small Japanese copper coin, the
one tenth of the Sen (g.r.). The Chinese
equivalent is the Li (q.v.).
Ring Dollar. See Holey Dollar.
Ringgit. The name given to the Real or
Spanish Dollar in tlie Malay Peninsula.
See Pitje.
Ring Money. One of the earliest forms
of a circulating medium, and which appears
to be generall.y adjusted to a graduated
system founded upon a certain weight.
Its antiquity is demonstrated bj^ its
occurrence in ancient Egyptian paintings,
showing merchants weighing rings in scales,
and there is a reference to it in Genesis
(xxiv. 22). "When the Romans invaded
England they found ring money in use; in
Ireland it was utilized until the Danish invasion,
and in Scandinavia until the thirteenth
century. In the museum at Stockholm
specimens are exhibited of large spiral
rings of gold, which could be opened, closed,
and linked into a chain. Some of these
specimens weigh from eight hundred to one
tliousand grammes. A primitive money in
.Japan consisted of copper rings coated with
silver and gold and called Kin Kwan and
Gin Kwan according to their composition.
See Munro (p. 5), and conf. Manilla.
Rix Daler. See Ri.iksdaalder.
Rix Dollar. A silver coin struck by the
English government for Ceylon from 1803
to 1821.
Roanoake. An inferior kind of Wampum
made and used by the natives of Virginia.
Captain Smith in his work on Virginia,
1624 (iii. 418), mentions "Rawranoke or
white beads that occasion as much dissenfion
among the Salvages (sic), as gold and
siluer amongst Christians."
In the Statutes of Virginia for 1656
(repr. 1823, i. 897) it was ordered that
" Peeces of eight that are good and of silver
shall pass for five shillings, and Roanoake
[ 202
and Wompompeeke to keep their wonted
value."
Sir W. Talbot in describing the Discoveries
of J. Leclerer, 1672 (27), says, "Their
currant Co.yn of small shells, which they
call Roanoack or Peack. '
'
Robertino, or Robertone. The common
name for the Liard struck by Robert,
Count of Anjou and Duke of Calabria
(1309-1343).
Robotmarken. A term used by German
ninnismatists iov such tokens or jetons as
are struck to indicate some compelled service
done in socage. See Neumann
(28482-28491).
Robustus Daalder. The name given to
a silver coin of Brabant issued in 1584. The
reverse has the armorial shields of Brussels,
Antwerp, Louvain, and Bois-le-Duc,
and the motto conportare . et . esto. eobvs-
Tvs, /.f.,'"Be of courage and be strong," or
"Have a bold heart and a strong arm."
There is a half and a quarter of the same
type.
Roda, meaning a wheel, is the name
given to a leaden or tin coin of the value of
three, ten, or fifteen Bazaruccos, issued by
the Portuguese for their possessions in India,
at the beginning of the eighteenth century.
These coins were struck at Damao, Bassein,
and Goa, and receive their name from
the fanciful resemblance of the cross on
the reverse to a St. Catherine's wheel. The
second capture of Goa by Alfonso de Albuquerque
occurred on November 25, 1510,
the anniversarj' of the martyrdom of St.
Catherine, and the wheel, the instrument of
her martyrdom, was made a part of the
Arms of Goa.
Rodioti. The name generally used to
describe the Zecchini struck by the Grand
Masters of Rhodes and which were copied
from the Venetian t.ypes.
Rossler. The name given to the half
Diek Thaler of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz,
and Unterwalden, from the figure of St.
Martin riding a horse which occurs on
these coins.
Rogati. A money current in Padua in
tlie thirteenth century. A document of
1294 mentions a pajTnent of viginti Rogatos
parvos.
]
Rolabasso Rose Crown
Rolabasso. »SVe Rollbatzen.
Rolino. A variety of the Ducato of
Savoy current in the sixteenth century and
valued at 64 Grossi. See Promis (ii. 54).
Rollbatzen. A name given to a varietj'
of Batzeu issued by Bishop Hugo of Constance
at the beginning of tlie sixteenth century,
on account of the figure of three rings
or rolling circular lines, which were part
of his armorial bearings and which were
copied on these coins.
The type was imitated in Italy at Messerano,
at Carmagnola, at L'asale in Jlonteferrato,
and by Francesco Trivulzio at Rogoredo
(1518-1523) and the original name
was transformed into Rolabasso, or Arlabaso.
The Italian coin was current for
two Grossi.
Romanati. A popular name in ancient
times for certain tSolidi struck by such Byzantine
empei'ors as bore the luune Romanus.
Romanino. See Grosso Romanino.
Romano. Another name for the Bj'-
zantine Solidus. Du Gauge cites a number
of ordinances, documents, etc., of the
twelfth century in which this form occurs.
Romefeoh, or Romescot. See Peter's
Pence.
Romesine. In the year 1140 Roger II,
King of Sicily, called an assembly of the
barons and the clergj'^ at Ariano di Pnglia,
in Campania, to discuss among other matters
certain monetary reforms. At this
meeting the king abolished the pieces
known as Romesines, which had enjoj'ed an
extensive circulation, and introduced in
their stead three tj-pes of the Follari in
copper, and also established a new silver
coin which received the name of Ducato
d'Argento. See Engel and Serrure (ii.
810).
Rond. A French nickname for a Sou.
The allusion is to its shape.
Roob or Rub. The quarter of the Abyssinian
Talari. See Ber.
Roosebeker. A silver coin of Brabant,
a variety of the double Groot, struck in
1887 and later. It obtains its name from
a group of five roses which surmount the
double sliields of Brabant and Burgundy.
Philip, Count of Flanders, issued them at
Ghent, and by an agreement with Johanna
[ 20a
of Brabant they were struck later at Mechlin
and Louvain. See Blanchet (i. 443,
ii. 4) and Engel and Serrure (iii. 1094).
Roosschelllng. A variety of the Schelling
of the Low Countries having on the
obverse a floriated cross surmounted by a
rose. It is consequently also known as the
Esealin a la Rose.
This piece was first struck in IGOl and
the coinage extended to the middle of the
eighteenth century.
Roosstuiver. A base silver coin of the
same design as the preceding and of half
the value.
Ropaka. An early Indian coin, the one
seventieth of the Suvarna. See Cunningham
(p. 22).
Rosa Americana. A coinage consisting
of an alloy of brass, zinc, and silver (commonly
known as Bath Metal), and issued in
1772-24 by William Wood, for the use of
the colonists in North America. The denominations
were Twopence, Penny, and
Halfpenny, and a pattern Twopence issued
in 1733, after Wood's death.
For a detailed account of this coinage see
a paper contributed by Philip Nelson to the
British Numismatic Journal (i, 265-285).
Rosalino. The popular name for the
Pezza of eight Reali struck in Florence
in 1665 which bore the figure of a rose
plant.
Rosario. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1300 in which Rosarios are mentioned
as coins prohibited in France.
Rosary. A base or counterfeit coin of
foreign origin, current in England during
the thirteenth century at the value of the
silver penny. It was declared illegal by a
statute of Edward I.
It is referred to in Pabyau's Chronicle,
1513 (vii. 401), and Grafton's Chronicle,
1568 (ii. 182).
J. Simon, in his Essay on Irish Coins,
1749 (p. 15), says: "These . . . foreign
coins, called Mitres, Lionines, Rosaries, etc.
from the stamp or figures impressed on
them, were privatelj' brought from. . .beyond
the seas and uttered here for pennies.
'
'
Rose Crown. A name given to the first
milled Crown of the reign of Charles II
from the fact that it had the figure of a rose under the bust, said to indicate that
it was struck from silver derived from
mines in the western part of England.
These coins were issued in 1662.
Rose Farthing. jS'ee Farthing.
Rosen Groschen. A silver coin of the
Ducliy of Juliers issued under William II
(1361-1393). It receives its name from
the figures of eleven roses, five on the ducal
crown and six on the reverse design.
Rose Noble. See Noble.
Rose Pennies and half Pence were
coined in London during the reigns of Edward
VI and Mary. They were of base
silver and intended for use in Ireland, but
were withdrawn from circulation in 15.56.
Tliey receive their name from the design of
a full-blown rose on the obverse.
Rose Ryal. Another name for the
Double-Ryal, a gold coin of the value of
thirty Shillings, issued by James I of England.
See Noble.
Rosina. See Pezza.
Rossgulden. A silver denomination of
Brunswick and Liineburg from the latter
part of the seventeenth century. It takes
the name from the figure of the running
liorse on the reverse.
Rothschild Love Dollar. See Janauschek
Thaler.
Rouble. See Ruble.
Roue, i.e., a wheel. Tlie terms Roue de
dcvant and Roue de derriere, meaning the
front and hind wheel, are used in French
slang to denote respectively the two and
five Franc pieces.
Rouleau (plural Rouleaux.) A French
term meaning literally a roll of coins, but
also applied to a set of coins making a fixed
unit. Tluis Zay (p. 107) states that, by
an ordinance of 1819, a rouleaux of thirty
pieces of the billon ten Centime pieces of
French Guiana, also called Marques Blancs,
were computed at three Francs.
Roupie. The Freiieh eciuivalent of the
Rupee (q.v.).
Roverino. A name given to the Papal
Fiorino of Sixtus IV (1471-1484) and Julius
II (1503-1513). They have the armorial
liearings of the family della Rovere.
Rovetti. Prom is (ii. 34) states tliat
these were coins of the Dukos of Savoy
and valued at eight Grossi.
[204
Royal. An obsolete form of the Spanish
Real and frequently cited as the "Piece of
Eight" iq.v.).
In Sir Robert Cotton's Privy Council Report
of Sept. 2, 1626, occurs a passage:
"The said Royal of Eight runs in aeeoxint
of trade at 5s. of his Majesties now English
Mony."
Royal Coronat. A silver coin of Marseilles
said to have lieen originally struck
circa 1186 by Ildefonso, Marquis of Provence.
See Blancard, Le Millares, 1876
(p. 11).
Royal d'Or, or Regalis Aureus. A
French gold coin of the fourteenth century
whicli. bears on the obverse a fulllength
figure of the king in his royal robes,
and he is usually represented standing under
a Gothic canopy.
A petit Royal d'Or was issued in the
reign of Pliilip III called Mantelet d'Or.
In the time of Edward IV the English
applied the name Royal to the Noble
(cj.v.) ; and in the reign of Henry VII tlie
double Ryal was called the Royal or Sovereign.
Royal Farthing. See Farthing.
Royalin. A silver coin issued in Denmark
from about 1755 to 1807 for its possessions
in Tranquebar. The obverse bears
the ruler's monogram crowned, and on the
reverse is the Danish Arms with the inscription
I ROYALIN or 2 ROYALiNER, and the
date. France issued similar silver coins of
one, two, four, and eight Royalins for Pondichery.
See Bergsoe, Trankehar-Monter,
and Zay.
Royal Parisis Double. A name given to
a variety of the double Gros, or Gros Parisis,
which bears the inscription moneta
DVPLEX RKGALis. See also Parisis.
Rozenobel, also called Gouden Nobel
A gold coin of the Low Countries, copied
from the English Noble. The type issued
liy Johanna of Brabant was of the value
and fineness of the English prototype.
Rsch. The name given to tlie Piastre in
the Egyptian coinage.
Rub. See Roob.
Ruba. A base silver coin of the modern
Egyptian series of the value of five Piastres.
It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D.
1839.
]
Ruble Rupie
Ruble, or Rouble. A Russian silver coin
orifjiiially subdivided into one hundred
Donga but lator into one hundred Kopeeks.
The only exception to this rule is an issue
of Rubles, halves, and quarters, respectively,
of ninety-six, forty-eiprht, and twentyfour
Kopecks struck by Elizabeth in 1757
for Ijivonia.
This coin was oi-ijrinally a piece of silver
cut from a bar, and the name is derived
from the Russian ruhitj, i.e.. to chop off
or to cut off. The earliest attempt to give
it a distinct circular form was about 1652
when Alcxei llichailowitsch took Thaler of
West Friesland, Ovcrysel, Hungary, Tyrol,
etc.. and struck over them the portrait of
the Czar on one side and the Russian
double-headed eagle and legends on the
other.
The regular issue began under Peter the
Great in 1704, and in 1707 appeared a new
type with the value expressed, and tlie date
in Arabic numerals. Catharine I in 1725
issued a Klippe or scjuare Ruble and corresponding
half and quarter. These have
the double eagle in each corner and the
value and date in the centre.
Ruddock, also, but rarely, written Rid-
(lock. An obsolete slang name for a gold
coin in "allusion to its ruddy color.
John Lyly, in his play .1/ irZns, 1592(ii.l),
has the line : "If . . .he haue golden ruddocks
in his bagges, he must be wise and
honourable."
Mabbe, in a translation of Aleman's
Guzman d'Alfarache, 1622 (ii, 147), says:
"Three thotisand erowncs, in good, dainty
braue ruddocks, all good double pistolets.
"
Riibener, or Riiben Batzen. A nickluime
given to small silver coins of Salzburg,
struck by the Archbishop Leonhard
von Keutschach (1495-1519), from the turnip
in the armorial shield. A so-called
Riiben Thaler and Riiben Gulden (Frey
No. 520) were struck by the same prelate.
Rundstiicke, or Rundstycken, meaning
'
' round pieces, '
' is the popular name for
the Swedish Ore of copper. They occur as
singles, doubles, and quadruples under
Charles X^ (1660-1697), struck for Reval,
Narva, etc.
Richard Hayes, in The Negociator's
Magazine, 1740 (p. 337), has the following
passage
:
[
"In Stockholm they keep their accounts
in Rixdollars, Copper Dollars, and Runsticks,
reckoning 32 Runstieks to a Copper
Dollar, and 6 ('oi)pcr Dollars to a Rixdollar
valued at 3 Polish Florins, or about 4s.
6d. Sterling.
"They have no such coin as a Runstiek,
but [it] is only used in their reckoning;
yet they have copper Farthings, of which
they reckon 2 to a Runstiek, 3 Runstieks
to a Wliitton. 10^ Wliittons to a Cop])cr
Dollar, and 6 Copper Dollars, or 64 Whittons
to a Rixdollar.
"
Rupee, also called Rupih and Roupie. A
silver coin of India, dating back to the
reign of Sher Shah (A.II. 946-952), and
copied in Assam, Ceylon, Jlombasa, etc.
The name is probably derived from the
Sanscrit word Rupa, meaning cattle. See
Sihansah.
In 1676 the Bombay mint was authorized
by Charles II "to coin rupees, pice, and
budgrooks, "' which were to be current in
all the dependencies of the East India Company
; and in 1758 the coinage rights in
Bengal were granted to the Company and
Rupees were issued in the name of Alamgir
II, with the regnal year 5 A.H.
The ancient silver standard of India was
superseded in 1899 by the gold standard,
with an arbitrary rating of the Rupee at
sixteen Pence, which is maintained by
means of a gold redemption fund. The
present Rupee weighs one hundred and
eight.v grains, or 11.66 grammes, and is
nine hundred and sixteen one thousandths
to nine hundred and twenty-five one thousandths
fine.
The divisions consist of sixteen Annas,
each of four Pice, each of three Pies.
There are also half, quarter, and eighth
Rupees. In Ceylon the Rupee is divided
into one hundred Cents. See Mahbubia
and Sicca, and conf. Zay (p. 306).
Rupi. A silver coin of Persia. See
Nadiri.
Rupia. A silver coin of Goa and Diu,
first issued in 1725, with a value of six
iumdred Reis. A corresponding half was
struck in 1729. The ])resent Portuguese
Indian Rujtia corresponds witli the British
Indian Rupee.
Rupie. A silver coin of German East
Africa, introduced in 1890, and divided
into one hundred Heller. There is a double
Rupie of the same type.
Ruspone. A gold coin of the value of
three Zeechini, introduced at Florence under
Giovanni Gastone (1723-1737) of the
Medici family, and continued to the time
of the provisional government of 1859.
Tlie Italian word ruspa, when used to
describe a coin, means in mint condition,
and the name was probably applied to
these pieces on account of their being uniformly
bright and well preserved.
Russino. The name given to a variety
of Grosso struck bv Theodore I of Montefcrrato
(1306-1338) at the mint of Chivasso.
Ryal. A Scottish gold coin, of which
there is a pattern in the second coinage
of James V (1525), but which did not
appear as a regular issue until the reign
of Mary I and dated 1555. It had a value
of sixty Shillings and is consequently sometimes
referred to as the Three-pound Piece.
It is twenty-two carats fine and weighs one
luindred and eighteen grains.
The silver Ryal, with its divisions of one
third and two thirds, was first issued in
1565. The second type bears on the reverse
a tortoise or "schell padocke" creeping
up the trunk of a yew tree which is
supposed to intimate the ascent of Henry
Darnley, son of the Earl of Lennox bj' his
marriage to Mary. These Ryals are also
called Cruickston Dollars (q.v.). They are
eleven parts fine to one part alloy, and
weigh four hundred and seventy-two and
one half grains.
The Ryal, or Thirty Shilling Piece, of
James VI is commonly known as the
Sword Dollar (q.v.).
Ryal. A name given to the Rose Noble
in the time of Edward IV. In 1543 the
half Sovereign of the value of ten Shillings
was substituted for the Ryal. See Noble.
Ryal. See Rial.
Ryder. See Rider and Rijder.
Ryksdaalder. See Rijksdaalder.
Ryksort. See Ort.
Rynsgulden. The name given to the
gold Florin struck at Arnheim by William,
Duke of Juliers and Gueldres (1383-1402).
Ryo. A Japanese standard of value
equal to ten Momme. It was used in determining
the weight of gold in dust or grains,
when this form of the metal was used for
payment, and when the Oban (q.v.) was
issued it was stamped with the Ryo value.
The Ryo ordinarily was computed at
twenty Kwan, or twenty thousand Mon of
copper coin. It was equal to four Bu or
sixteen Shu. See Munro (pp. 186, 189).
Ryuhei Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in
writing of the coinage of Surat, says :
'
' All
foreign coins are tal?en according to their
weight and assay; but the Mexican dollars,
or Pieces of Eight, Ivnown among the
natives by the appellation of raal lakria,
must, if weighed, contain seventy-three
waals. '
'
Rabayeasee. See Rebia.
Rabenpfennige. See Denarii Corvorum.
Raderalbus, frequently abbreviated into
Rader, is the name given to a variety of
the Albns issued by the Archbishops of
Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, and by the
Dukes of Juliers, Berg, etc., during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
The armorial bearings on these coins
were copied from the Electorate of Mainz,
which include a double cross within a circle
; this design was easily mistaken for a
wheel by the common people, hence the
name.
A larger coin of the same type has received
the name of Radersehilling.
Rag. An obsolete English slang term
for a Farthing.
Beaumont and Fletcher in their play
The Captain, 1613 (iv. 2), use the phrase,
"Not a rag, Not a Deniere, " and in A
Dictionary of the Canting Crew, printed
circa 1700, occurs the definition, "Rag, a
Farthing."
Rag Money. A nickname given to the
paper money introduced during the Civil
War in the United States.
During the Oreenback agitation the advocates
of unlimited paper money were
often dejiicted by the cartoonists as nursing
a rag doll, in allusion to the fact that the
paper on wliich the Greenbacks were
printed was made almost entirely from
linen rags.
Ragno. Tlie name given to the Lira
Troll in Bologna.
Ragusino. Sec Visliiio.
Raha. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor
of Hindustan, and of half the value of the
Sihansah [q.v.).
[
Raha. The word for money in the language
of the Esthonians, who inhabited a
district to the south of the Gulf of Finland.
See Skins of Animals (infra).
Raij. See Tankah.
Raimondine, or Raymondine. The
name given to the Denar struck by the
Counts of Toulouse, whose principal mint
was at Albi, in the Department of Tarn.
The Counts of Toulouse from 1088 to 1249
all bore the name of Raimond, and this
name occurs on all the coins. See Blanchet
(i. 339).
Raining Flowers. See Hana Furi Kin.
Raitpfennlge. See Rechenpfennige.
Raku Sen, or Fancy Sen. The Japanese
name for those coins made in imitation generally
of regular pieces but larger or more
elaborate.
Rama-tanka. The name given to gold
cup-shaped medals of varying sizes issued
in Southern India, especially by the kings
of Vijayanagara. They were originally introduced
to commemorate the enthronement
of the king. They bear the design of
the durbar, or inauguration ceremony of
Rama, with his consort Siva, in the ancient
city of Ayodhya. Tlie other side has Hanuman
standing holding a club.
Ramtinkis. An incorrect spelling of
Rama-tanka.
Rana Shahi Kori. See Kori.
Randschrift. A term used by German
numismatic writers to indicate an inscription
on the edge of a coin or medal.
Rap was a counterfeit coin in circulation
in Ireland after the regular coinage had
ceased in 1696. The nominal value of the
Rap was a half-penny, but intrinsically it
was not worth even a farthing.
Swift, in his Drapicr's Letters, 1724
(i.), says "Copper lialfpence or farthings
. . . have been for some time very scarce,
and many counterfeits passed about under
the name of raps."
Tlie expressions "not worth a rap," "I
care not a rap," etc., can be traced to the
insignificant value of this coin.
196]
Rappen Ready
R. Twiss, in his Tour in Ireland, 177C
(73), has: "The heg<rers . . . oflFering a
bad halfpenny, which they eall a rap;" and
Jiilm Wilson, in Nuctes Anihroxidniir (i.
1282), mentions "Ane o' tlie bawbees o' an
obsolete sort . . . what thev ea' an Eerisli
rap."
Byron, in Von ! unn (eaiito xi. 84), says:
"I have seen tin- Landholders without a
rap,"
Rappen, or more correctly Rappe, is a
corruption of Knhe, a raven, and was bestowed
oritriiially on small silver coins
struck at Fi-eiliurg in Breisgau iu the
fourteenth century. See Denarii Corvorum.
The name was afterwards applied to all
coins having the figure of this bird and
consequently we find the expressions Rappenlieller,
Rappensehillinge, etc.
In the Swiss cantons the Rappen was formerly
the tenth part of the Batzen, but
since the introduction of the Latin Union
system, the Rappen was made eqiuil to the
Centime, and is struck in copper as the one
hundredth part of the Franc, Multiples
exist in nickel,
Rasi. A gold coin of Travancore computed
at ten Chakrams, Elliot, Coins of
Southern India (iii, 3), states that it dates
from a period anterior to the seventh or
eighth century, and adds, "though seldom
seen in circulation, it is still the denomination
used in Northern ALilabar for recording
the value of lands aiul the ancient revenue
assessed on them ; but for all ordinar3'
transactions, it has long been superseded by
the Kali Fanam, five of which are equal to
one Rasi,"
Rathausthaler. The name given to a
silver coin of Zurich struck to commemorate
the foundation of the City Hall in
1698, It is from designs by H. J. BuUinger
and has on one side a picture of the
l)uilding, and on the reverse a view of the
city of Zurich.
The same title is given to an undated
silver coin of Nuremberg from designs by
P. II. Miiller. This has a view of the townhall
on the obverse, and an illustration of
the citv on the reverse. See Madai (No.
2313).
Rathspraesentger. A silver coin of Aixla-
Chapelle struck for the value of 10
[
Marks iu 1711, and the same design was
employed in 1752 for pieces of 8 Marks and
32 Marks, The value is given in figures on
a shield which is placed on the breast of
the eagle on the obverse. The reverse has
the coronation insignia on an altar and the
inscription locvs , coronationis . c.^s.\re.«.
Rath Zeichen. The name used by German
luimismatists to describe tokens issued
by a municipality or by civic authorities.
Rati Seed. The unit of weight of the
early monetary .system of India and e(iual
to 1,75 grains troy. It was the seed of
the Abrus precatoriu.t, or wild licorice.
One hundred Ratis, i.e., 175 grains,
formed the Sata-raktika, a weight of fine
metal, and this was used as the basis of the
Rupee in 1542 and of the gold Mohur
about a century earlier. The latter coin
was, however, for a brief period raised to
200 grains, but reverted to the Sata-raktika.
See Pana.
Ratitus. See Nummus Ratitus.
Rautengroschen, Rautenheller. These
terms are applied to various issues of Saxony
from the fifteenth century to comparatively
modern times. The word Raute,
means rue, and the bar composed of rue
leaves is conspicuous on the armorial shield
of Saxony.
Rawani. See Tankah.
Rawranoke. A corruption of Roanoake
(q.v.).
Raymondine. See Raimondine.
Razor Money. Sec Knife Money.
Reaal. The name given to the Real in
the Low Countries where it was not only
extensively copied but also struck in gold,
receiving the name of Gouden Reaal, or
Real d'Or. The latter coin was issued
uiuler Maximilian and Philip (1482-1494)
in Brabant and Holland, and the coinage
continued until 1580. See Van der Chijs,
(p. 267).
The silver Reaal was also common in the
latter part of the fifteenth century and
dated specimens appeared as earlv as 1487
(Frey, Nos. 285, 288).
In 1821 a small silver coin, bearing the
inscription i ueaal w-as struck for the
Dutch settlement in Cura(,'ao.
Ready, usually found as "the ready."
An elliptical expression for money immeldiately available and used in this sense
as early as the beginning of the fifteenth
century. Other forms are ready money,
ready gold, ready penny, ready sterling,
etc.
Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Alsatui,
1688 (i. 1), mentions "the ready";
and Goldsmith in the Eton Latin Grammar
says, Aes in presenti perfectum format, i.e.,
"Ready money makes a man perfect."
Real. A silver coin current in .such
parts of Spain as were not conquered by
the Moors. It was first struck at Seville
and Burgos by Pedro III, king of Castile
(1350-1368), and was called Nummus
Realis, "money of tlie king," from which
the name Real was abbreviated. It was
one eightli of the Peso, and was divided
into 34 Maravedis or eight and one half
Cuartos, and there are multiples as high
as fifty Reales in silver and one hundred
Reales in gold. See Cinquantina and Rial.
The coin continued in use in Spain up to
the time of the Revolution of 1869-1870,
and was succeeded by the Peseta. It was
extensively struck in Mexico, the Central
American Republics, and in many countries
in South America.
Wlien the East India Company was chartered
in 1600, it struck a silver Crown,
Half-Crown, Sliilling, and Sixpence for use
in India, and these pieces were also known
as eight Reales, four Reales, two Reales,
and Real. A one twenty-fourtli Real was
issued by James II for the plantations in
Nortli America, which lias a reverse inscription
VAL 24 P.\UT REAL HISPAN.
For a detailed account of this coin and its
numerous varieties, etc., see Heiss, and for
the Portuguese equivalents .tee Milreis.
Real Branco. A silver coin of Groa,
mentioned in tlie Lendas da India (circa.
1550), and eomiiuted at seven liundred and
twenty Reaes. There is a corresponding
half.
Real d'Or. See Reaal.
Realito nv Realillo. A Spanish word moaning a small Real. It is applied to a series of silver Reales struck by Philip II and Philip III as Counts of Barcelona.
The type usually reads barcino civitas,
1613, etc.
[ 198
Realone. A silver coin of the value of eight Reals struck in Genoa by the Banco di San Georgio in 1666. Its purpose was
for trading with Spain and the Levant.
Real Portuguez. A silver coin of Portugal
which first appeared in the reign of
Fernando I (1367-1383) and was equal to
ten Dinheiros. A somewhat smaller variety
was issued under Joao I (1383-1433) ;
it was called the Real Cruzado and had
a value of only nine Dinheiros. Still another
variety, known as the Real Grosso,
was struck in the reign of Alfonso V (1438-
1481) and was valued at eleven Dinheiros.
Some later issues show a value of ten
Soldos, and others of forty Reis on the
face of the coins, and when the Real was
struck in copper in the reign of Sebastian
(1557-1578) its value declined to one tenth
of its silver predecessors. The half Real
was commonly known as Chimfram.
Real Preto. See Ceitil.
Reap Silver. See Plough Silver.
Reaux. Tlie French equivalent for
Reales. Pieces of five Reaux were struck
at Barcelona in 1641 and 1642, and for
Oran there were issued copper four and
eight Reaux in 1691.
Rebah. An early Jewisli weight standard
; it was equal to one fourth of the
Shekel. See 1 Samuel (ix. 8).
Rebellenthaler The name given to a
Thaler struck by Henry .Julius, Duke of
Bruuswiek-Liineburg in 1595. It was issued
to commemorate his victory over
certain rebellious vassals, and the reverse
refers to the sedition of Korah, as described
in Numbers (.\vi.). See also Madai (No.
1110).
Rebellion Token. The name given to a
variety of the Sou tokens issued by La
Bautpie du Peuple of Montreal, Canada,
which bears a wreath of five maple leaves,
among which was surreptitiously inserted
a star of hope and a Phrj^gian cap of
liberty.
Rebel Money. A name given to a series
(if Crowns and half Crowns which were issued
in 1643, probably l)y the "Confederated
Catholics" at Kilkenn.v, Ireland. They
are to some extent imitations of the Ormond
Money (q.v.). See also British Numismatic
Journal (ii. 348).
]
Rebi Regensburger
Rebia, also vai'iously called Rabayeasee
and lial)ayialis(>i>, is a frold coin of the Ottoiiiaii
Kiiipire and the foiirtli part of the
Piinduk, tlioujrh it also passes in circulation
for the third part of a Zer-mahhuh.
Its weight is about thirteen and a lialf
grains, and its name is derived from reba,
a fourtii i)art.
The silver Rebia, also known as the Onlik,
is of the value of ten Paras or the
fourth ]iart of a Piastre. It weighs from
fifty to seventy grains. Since the readjustment
of the Turkisii currency, the Onlik of
the modern coinage is eijual to nine and one
one quarter Piastres.
Rebia Budschu. SVr P>udscliu.
Rechenpfennige, or Raitpfennige. The
name given to certain jetons originall.v intended
for purposes of computation, the
earliest specimens of which can be traced to
France in tlie thirteenth century. They
ai)i)eai'ed in Brabant under Pliilip the
(lood (14;iO-1467) and in Germany al)out a
iuindred years later. Large quantities
were issued at Nuremberg, and in the Low-
Countries they were circulated under the
name of Legpenninge.
Later tlie.v were employed as counters
at games, and are consciiueutly now chiefly
known as Spielpfennige or Spielmarken.
For an exhaustive paper on the subject sre
Ferrer, in Spink (i. 5).
Rechnungsmiinzen. S(< Jloney of Account.
Red, A. This term is sonietiines aiijilied
to a copper coin in alhision to its color, but
it is more generally found in conjunction
with a substantive and used in a negative
sense, e.g., "1 am without a red cent."
Obsolete forms occur in which the eombiluition
was employed for gold coins on
account of their ruddv appearance. Thus
T. Howell, in his I'onus. loGS (i. <)1), has
the line: " Ich shall not mis of red ones to
haue store,"' and John Fletcher in his plav
The Mad Lover, 1625 (v. 4), says:
"There's a red rogue to buy thee handkerchiefs."
Reddite Crown. A ])attcrn by Thomas
Simon. It is of the same type and bears
the same legends as the Petition Crown
(q.v.), and is from the same dies, but the
edge is inscribed reddite . qv^ . c^saris .
c^SARi, etc. See liudinij (x.x.xiv. 7).
Red Harp. A nickname given to the
firoals and half Groats of Henry VIII and
Edward \'l, struck for Irelanil, pi'obably
on account of the baseness of the metal, the
copper in the composition coming to the
surface soon after they were put in circulation.
See Harp.
Red Money. By an Act of the Assembly
of the State of JIaryland, of May 10.
1781, there was an issue of bills to which
was given the name of Red IMoney. This
differed from previous issues in having the
border of the notes printed in red. About
£200,000 in face value was issued, and it
was based upon the confiscated lands of
P)ritisli subjects in Maryland of an estimated
value of €;)()(), 000. " :\I(.st of this confiscated
projjcrty was in lands, for which
there was not a readj' market, and the
greater portion was disposed of on credit,
and final settlement was not effected until
long after the war was over.
Redotatos. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1:342 in which coins of this name
are mentioned as being base silver pieces
of Dauphinj- of the value of two and four
Deniers.
Reeding. The milling on the edge of a
coin. The corrugations on the rim are
parallel and run either transversely or obliquely.
Referendum Dollar. The name given
to a series of octagonal silver tokens issiu'd
by Joseph Ijcsher at Victor, Colorado, in
the j'ear 1900. There are five varieties,
each one of which contains an ounce of
coin silver. Lesher called them Referendum
Dollars because they are to be referred
to the people for acceptance or rejection.
The United States government officials
stopped all coinage of the pieces and
seized the dies.
Refrappe. A term used by French numismatic
writers to indicate a restrike.
Regalis Aureus. .Sec Royal d'Or.
Regenbogenschiissel, also called Iriden.
The name given to Keltic concave gold
coins issued in Southwestern (icrmany and
the Rhine Provinces by the Boii.
Regensburger. The name of a former
Bavarian money of account extensively
used at Munich, Ratisbon, etc. Four hundred
and iiinetv-two Regen.sburger went to the so-ealled Regensburger Pfund. See
Nohaelc (p. 692).
Regiments Thaler. A silver coin struck
at the city of Ulm in 1622. The obverse
has a view of the town and on the reverse
are eight armorial shields of the magistrates
or to^^Ti councillors and the inscription
: * PRO * PATRIA * CVNCTA * ET * PACERE
* ET * PERRE * PARATi * A few Specimens
were struck in gold.
Reichsalbus. A name given to a variety
of the Albus which was adapted to the currencies
of the Palatinate, ]Mainz, Frankfort
a. M., and Hanau. It was the equivalent
of eight Pfennige, or two Kreuzer, or one
half Batzcn, and occurs also in multiples of
doubles and triples.
Reichsgulden. A general name for a
denomination representing two thirds of
the Thaler (q.v.). It was formerly extensively
used in the South German states.
Reichsmiinzen. This term was establisliod
in the German Empire pursuant to
an ordinance of July 9, 1873. The designation
Reichsmark is consequently the official
one, but the name Mark is retained on
the coinage.
Reichsort. See Ort.
Reichsthaler. The name given to the
Speciesthaler by an ordinance of 1623. See
Thaler.
Reine. An ordinance of 1310 mentions
" Dcnkrs d'or, que I'on appelle Deniers a
la Reine," but no such coins are in existence.
Some authorities think that it was a
gold Denier struck by Louis IX of France
in honor of his mother, Queen Blanche.
Others identify it with a small Masse d'Or
generally attributed to Philip III of France
(1270-12S5), on which the king is represented
in the act of receiving the royal
mantle from the queen. See Blanchet,
(i. 146).
Reinoldigroschen. The name given to a
silver coin of the city of Dortmund, issued
during the tiftccnth century, and which receives
its title from the figure of Renaldus,
the patron saint of the city, which is found
on one side of tlie coin. Ilalf and quarter
Groschcn of the same design were also
struck.
Reis, plural of Real. See Milreis.
[
Reisedaler. The name given to a silver
coin issued by Frederick V of Denmark in
1749, and specially struck for Norway. It
had a value of six Marks and appears to
have been made of native silver.
Reisethaler. Sec Schiffsthaler.
Rektorsthaler. See Vislino.
Rempel Heller. The nickname given to
certain Heller struck in Breslau in 1422 in
large cpiantities. They bear on one side
the head of St. John the Baptist, which was
supposed to resemble that of Nikolaus Rempel,
a justice of Breslau.
Renaissjuice Medals. A general name
for the Italian medals of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries which exhibit beautiful
workmanship compared with their predecessors.
There are a large number of treatises
on the subject, e.g., by Friedliinder,
Armand, and Lenormant in the Tresor de
Numisiiiatique et de Ghjptique, 1834-1850.
Repentigny Tokens. The name given to
a series of pattern pieces which were intended
to be used as passes over the bridge
near Montreal, Canada, similar to the Bout
de L'Isle Tokens (q.v.). They are dedescribed
in detail by Breton (p. 55).
Rep Silver. See Plough Silver.
Resellado. A Spanish term for recoined
or re-stamped money. A piece of
ten Reales, also called Duro Resellado, was
issued by Ferdinand VII in 1821 with the
word Resellado upon it, thus indicating a
re-coinage.
Restitution Coins. A term applied to
such pieces as were re-coined at some time
after their original emission. Such coins
frequently occur in the Roman series and
usually bear the word restituit or the abbreviated
form REST.
The Restitution Coins first appear under
Titus and end under Trajan. The latter issued
a large number of them commemorative
of some of his predecessors.
Restrike. A later impression from an
original die.
Reverse, from the Latin rcvertere, to
turn over, is the opposite of Obverse {q.v.).
The inscriptions on the reverse of a coin
are usually considered of lesser import than
those on the obverse.
Rheingold Dukat. See Ausbeutemiinzen.
200]
Rheinischer Albus Rijksdaalder
Rheinischer Albus. Rheinischer Schilling.
The name friven to the (iros and its
corresi)()ndiiig half struek in the Rhenisli
Provinces during tlie sixteenth century.
They freciuently bear an inscription reading
MONETA . NOVA . RENENS '.
Rhino. A slang term for monej'. John
G. Saxe in his poem Poh/phemns and Ulysses
(ii.), has the following rhyme:
Drunker than any one you or I know,
Who buys his "Uhinlsh" with ready rhino.
Rial, or Ryal. A silver coin of Morocco
which occurs in both round and rectangular
form. It eorres]ionded to the Spanish
Real and was divided into thirteen and
a half Ukkias. For a detailed account of
its comparative weight and fineness see
Noback (p. 243).
The Rial of the modern Morocco coinage
is sometimes known as the Piastre, and is
subdivided into one hundred Centimos. It
corresponds in value to the quarter Franc
or quarter Peseta, and must eoiiseciuently
not be confused with the Turkish Piastre.
See Abbasi.
For Zanzibar, the Rial has been issued
since A.II. 1299 with Arabic inscriptions,
and is the size of a dollar.
Rial Budschu. See Budschu.
Riccio. An Italian word meaning curly.
It was applied to the silver Testone of
forty Soldi made by Benvenuto Cellini for
Alessandro de Medici, of Florence (1533-
ir)36), on account of the curly head on the
obverse. See Symonds, Life of Cellini
(i. Ixxx.).
Rice was a current medium of exchange
during the later prehistoric age of -Japan.
See Munro (pp. 19-20). It was extensively
used in the payment of taxes and government
officials readily accepted it.
Riddock. See Ruddock.
Rider. A Scotch gold coin issued by
James III in 1475, in his second coinage.
It receives its name from tiie figure of the
king on a galloping horse, and its weight
was eighty grains.
There are divisions of one (piarter, one
third, one half, and two thirds, some of
which are assigned to this monarch and
others to his successor, James IV. See
Rijder.
[•
Ridi, i.e., Silver. A name used in Sinhalese
literature to designate the hookmoney.
This term, however, was probably
applied to other silver money before the introduction
of the Lariiis. The term Ridi
jiahayi, i.e., five Ridis, is still used in remote
districts in the sense of a Ilix Dollar.
Rhys Davids (sec. 73) states that no
specimens of the Ridis have survived.
Riding Money. See Pi Tch'eng Ma.
Rigmarie. An obsolete dialect term used
both in England and Scotland for a coin of
small value. The name is supjjosed to have
originated from one of the base silver coins
struek during the reign of Mary (1553-
1558) which had the worils reg. maria. as
part of the inscription.
Rigsdaler. The Danish equivalent of
the Reichsthaler. It was divided, into six
Marks of sixteen Skillings. The double
Rigsdaler was called the Speciesdaler, or
Rigsbankdaler.
Rijder. A coin of the United Provinces,
Friesland, etc. It obtains its name from
the armored knight on horseback figured
on the obverse, and the term was applied
to any coin bearing this device irrespective
of the metal. The issues in gold, called
Gouden Rijder were synonymous with the
Scottish Rider of James III, and the
French Cavalier. The gold Rijder of
Gueldres was first issued in 1581 and that
of Friesland in 1583. The Nederlandschc
Rijder was ordered to be struck early in
the year 1606 according to the Muntplucuut
of that year.
The silver Rijder, or Rijderdaalder was
also originally issued in 1581 according to
the Ordonnantie. It was copied in Friesland,
etc. This coin is .sometimes referred
to as the Ducaton, and it was usuallj^ computed
at forty Stuivers.
Rijjal. A silver denomination in the
modern Persian series equal to one Kran
and five Shahi.
Rijksdaalder, or Rix Daler. The Dutch
(Miuivaleiit of the Reichsthaler. It was i.ssued
early in the sixteenth century and was
I'etained in the currency as late as the
reign of Louis Napoleon (1806-1810).
The designation is retained as a popular
name for the current silver coin of two and
one half Gulden of the Netherlands.
Riksdaler. The Scandinavian equivalent
of Reiclisthaler. It was introduced by
Gustav I of Sweden (1521-1560) and divided
into twelve Marks. Since tlie uionetarj'
convention of 1875 it represents fortyeiglit
Skillings, or one hundred Ore. Spp
Daler.
Riksort. See Ort.
Rin. A small Japanese copper coin, the
one tenth of the Sen (g.r.). The Chinese
equivalent is the Li (q.v.).
Ring Dollar. See Holey Dollar.
Ringgit. The name given to the Real or
Spanish Dollar in tlie Malay Peninsula.
See Pitje.
Ring Money. One of the earliest forms
of a circulating medium, and which appears
to be generall.y adjusted to a graduated
system founded upon a certain weight.
Its antiquity is demonstrated bj^ its
occurrence in ancient Egyptian paintings,
showing merchants weighing rings in scales,
and there is a reference to it in Genesis
(xxiv. 22). "When the Romans invaded
England they found ring money in use; in
Ireland it was utilized until the Danish invasion,
and in Scandinavia until the thirteenth
century. In the museum at Stockholm
specimens are exhibited of large spiral
rings of gold, which could be opened, closed,
and linked into a chain. Some of these
specimens weigh from eight hundred to one
tliousand grammes. A primitive money in
.Japan consisted of copper rings coated with
silver and gold and called Kin Kwan and
Gin Kwan according to their composition.
See Munro (p. 5), and conf. Manilla.
Rix Daler. See Ri.iksdaalder.
Rix Dollar. A silver coin struck by the
English government for Ceylon from 1803
to 1821.
Roanoake. An inferior kind of Wampum
made and used by the natives of Virginia.
Captain Smith in his work on Virginia,
1624 (iii. 418), mentions "Rawranoke or
white beads that occasion as much dissenfion
among the Salvages (sic), as gold and
siluer amongst Christians."
In the Statutes of Virginia for 1656
(repr. 1823, i. 897) it was ordered that
" Peeces of eight that are good and of silver
shall pass for five shillings, and Roanoake
[ 202
and Wompompeeke to keep their wonted
value."
Sir W. Talbot in describing the Discoveries
of J. Leclerer, 1672 (27), says, "Their
currant Co.yn of small shells, which they
call Roanoack or Peack. '
'
Robertino, or Robertone. The common
name for the Liard struck by Robert,
Count of Anjou and Duke of Calabria
(1309-1343).
Robotmarken. A term used by German
ninnismatists iov such tokens or jetons as
are struck to indicate some compelled service
done in socage. See Neumann
(28482-28491).
Robustus Daalder. The name given to
a silver coin of Brabant issued in 1584. The
reverse has the armorial shields of Brussels,
Antwerp, Louvain, and Bois-le-Duc,
and the motto conportare . et . esto. eobvs-
Tvs, /.f.,'"Be of courage and be strong," or
"Have a bold heart and a strong arm."
There is a half and a quarter of the same
type.
Roda, meaning a wheel, is the name
given to a leaden or tin coin of the value of
three, ten, or fifteen Bazaruccos, issued by
the Portuguese for their possessions in India,
at the beginning of the eighteenth century.
These coins were struck at Damao, Bassein,
and Goa, and receive their name from
the fanciful resemblance of the cross on
the reverse to a St. Catherine's wheel. The
second capture of Goa by Alfonso de Albuquerque
occurred on November 25, 1510,
the anniversarj' of the martyrdom of St.
Catherine, and the wheel, the instrument of
her martyrdom, was made a part of the
Arms of Goa.
Rodioti. The name generally used to
describe the Zecchini struck by the Grand
Masters of Rhodes and which were copied
from the Venetian t.ypes.
Rossler. The name given to the half
Diek Thaler of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz,
and Unterwalden, from the figure of St.
Martin riding a horse which occurs on
these coins.
Rogati. A money current in Padua in
tlie thirteenth century. A document of
1294 mentions a pajTnent of viginti Rogatos
parvos.
]
Rolabasso Rose Crown
Rolabasso. »SVe Rollbatzen.
Rolino. A variety of the Ducato of
Savoy current in the sixteenth century and
valued at 64 Grossi. See Promis (ii. 54).
Rollbatzen. A name given to a varietj'
of Batzeu issued by Bishop Hugo of Constance
at the beginning of tlie sixteenth century,
on account of the figure of three rings
or rolling circular lines, which were part
of his armorial bearings and which were
copied on these coins.
The type was imitated in Italy at Messerano,
at Carmagnola, at L'asale in Jlonteferrato,
and by Francesco Trivulzio at Rogoredo
(1518-1523) and the original name
was transformed into Rolabasso, or Arlabaso.
The Italian coin was current for
two Grossi.
Romanati. A popular name in ancient
times for certain tSolidi struck by such Byzantine
empei'ors as bore the luune Romanus.
Romanino. See Grosso Romanino.
Romano. Another name for the Bj'-
zantine Solidus. Du Gauge cites a number
of ordinances, documents, etc., of the
twelfth century in which this form occurs.
Romefeoh, or Romescot. See Peter's
Pence.
Romesine. In the year 1140 Roger II,
King of Sicily, called an assembly of the
barons and the clergj'^ at Ariano di Pnglia,
in Campania, to discuss among other matters
certain monetary reforms. At this
meeting the king abolished the pieces
known as Romesines, which had enjoj'ed an
extensive circulation, and introduced in
their stead three tj-pes of the Follari in
copper, and also established a new silver
coin which received the name of Ducato
d'Argento. See Engel and Serrure (ii.
810).
Rond. A French nickname for a Sou.
The allusion is to its shape.
Roob or Rub. The quarter of the Abyssinian
Talari. See Ber.
Roosebeker. A silver coin of Brabant,
a variety of the double Groot, struck in
1887 and later. It obtains its name from
a group of five roses which surmount the
double sliields of Brabant and Burgundy.
Philip, Count of Flanders, issued them at
Ghent, and by an agreement with Johanna
[ 20a
of Brabant they were struck later at Mechlin
and Louvain. See Blanchet (i. 443,
ii. 4) and Engel and Serrure (iii. 1094).
Roosschelllng. A variety of the Schelling
of the Low Countries having on the
obverse a floriated cross surmounted by a
rose. It is consequently also known as the
Esealin a la Rose.
This piece was first struck in IGOl and
the coinage extended to the middle of the
eighteenth century.
Roosstuiver. A base silver coin of the
same design as the preceding and of half
the value.
Ropaka. An early Indian coin, the one
seventieth of the Suvarna. See Cunningham
(p. 22).
Rosa Americana. A coinage consisting
of an alloy of brass, zinc, and silver (commonly
known as Bath Metal), and issued in
1772-24 by William Wood, for the use of
the colonists in North America. The denominations
were Twopence, Penny, and
Halfpenny, and a pattern Twopence issued
in 1733, after Wood's death.
For a detailed account of this coinage see
a paper contributed by Philip Nelson to the
British Numismatic Journal (i, 265-285).
Rosalino. The popular name for the
Pezza of eight Reali struck in Florence
in 1665 which bore the figure of a rose
plant.
Rosario. Du Cange cites an ordinance
of 1300 in which Rosarios are mentioned
as coins prohibited in France.
Rosary. A base or counterfeit coin of
foreign origin, current in England during
the thirteenth century at the value of the
silver penny. It was declared illegal by a
statute of Edward I.
It is referred to in Pabyau's Chronicle,
1513 (vii. 401), and Grafton's Chronicle,
1568 (ii. 182).
J. Simon, in his Essay on Irish Coins,
1749 (p. 15), says: "These . . . foreign
coins, called Mitres, Lionines, Rosaries, etc.
from the stamp or figures impressed on
them, were privatelj' brought from. . .beyond
the seas and uttered here for pennies.
'
'
Rose Crown. A name given to the first
milled Crown of the reign of Charles II
from the fact that it had the figure of a rose under the bust, said to indicate that
it was struck from silver derived from
mines in the western part of England.
These coins were issued in 1662.
Rose Farthing. jS'ee Farthing.
Rosen Groschen. A silver coin of the
Ducliy of Juliers issued under William II
(1361-1393). It receives its name from
the figures of eleven roses, five on the ducal
crown and six on the reverse design.
Rose Noble. See Noble.
Rose Pennies and half Pence were
coined in London during the reigns of Edward
VI and Mary. They were of base
silver and intended for use in Ireland, but
were withdrawn from circulation in 15.56.
Tliey receive their name from the design of
a full-blown rose on the obverse.
Rose Ryal. Another name for the
Double-Ryal, a gold coin of the value of
thirty Shillings, issued by James I of England.
See Noble.
Rosina. See Pezza.
Rossgulden. A silver denomination of
Brunswick and Liineburg from the latter
part of the seventeenth century. It takes
the name from the figure of the running
liorse on the reverse.
Rothschild Love Dollar. See Janauschek
Thaler.
Rouble. See Ruble.
Roue, i.e., a wheel. Tlie terms Roue de
dcvant and Roue de derriere, meaning the
front and hind wheel, are used in French
slang to denote respectively the two and
five Franc pieces.
Rouleau (plural Rouleaux.) A French
term meaning literally a roll of coins, but
also applied to a set of coins making a fixed
unit. Tluis Zay (p. 107) states that, by
an ordinance of 1819, a rouleaux of thirty
pieces of the billon ten Centime pieces of
French Guiana, also called Marques Blancs,
were computed at three Francs.
Roupie. The Freiieh eciuivalent of the
Rupee (q.v.).
Roverino. A name given to the Papal
Fiorino of Sixtus IV (1471-1484) and Julius
II (1503-1513). They have the armorial
liearings of the family della Rovere.
Rovetti. Prom is (ii. 34) states tliat
these were coins of the Dukos of Savoy
and valued at eight Grossi.
[204
Royal. An obsolete form of the Spanish
Real and frequently cited as the "Piece of
Eight" iq.v.).
In Sir Robert Cotton's Privy Council Report
of Sept. 2, 1626, occurs a passage:
"The said Royal of Eight runs in aeeoxint
of trade at 5s. of his Majesties now English
Mony."
Royal Coronat. A silver coin of Marseilles
said to have lieen originally struck
circa 1186 by Ildefonso, Marquis of Provence.
See Blancard, Le Millares, 1876
(p. 11).
Royal d'Or, or Regalis Aureus. A
French gold coin of the fourteenth century
whicli. bears on the obverse a fulllength
figure of the king in his royal robes,
and he is usually represented standing under
a Gothic canopy.
A petit Royal d'Or was issued in the
reign of Pliilip III called Mantelet d'Or.
In the time of Edward IV the English
applied the name Royal to the Noble
(cj.v.) ; and in the reign of Henry VII tlie
double Ryal was called the Royal or Sovereign.
Royal Farthing. See Farthing.
Royalin. A silver coin issued in Denmark
from about 1755 to 1807 for its possessions
in Tranquebar. The obverse bears
the ruler's monogram crowned, and on the
reverse is the Danish Arms with the inscription
I ROYALIN or 2 ROYALiNER, and the
date. France issued similar silver coins of
one, two, four, and eight Royalins for Pondichery.
See Bergsoe, Trankehar-Monter,
and Zay.
Royal Parisis Double. A name given to
a variety of the double Gros, or Gros Parisis,
which bears the inscription moneta
DVPLEX RKGALis. See also Parisis.
Rozenobel, also called Gouden Nobel
A gold coin of the Low Countries, copied
from the English Noble. The type issued
liy Johanna of Brabant was of the value
and fineness of the English prototype.
Rsch. The name given to tlie Piastre in
the Egyptian coinage.
Rub. See Roob.
Ruba. A base silver coin of the modern
Egyptian series of the value of five Piastres.
It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D.
1839.
]
Ruble Rupie
Ruble, or Rouble. A Russian silver coin
orifjiiially subdivided into one hundred
Donga but lator into one hundred Kopeeks.
The only exception to this rule is an issue
of Rubles, halves, and quarters, respectively,
of ninety-six, forty-eiprht, and twentyfour
Kopecks struck by Elizabeth in 1757
for Ijivonia.
This coin was oi-ijrinally a piece of silver
cut from a bar, and the name is derived
from the Russian ruhitj, i.e.. to chop off
or to cut off. The earliest attempt to give
it a distinct circular form was about 1652
when Alcxei llichailowitsch took Thaler of
West Friesland, Ovcrysel, Hungary, Tyrol,
etc.. and struck over them the portrait of
the Czar on one side and the Russian
double-headed eagle and legends on the
other.
The regular issue began under Peter the
Great in 1704, and in 1707 appeared a new
type with the value expressed, and tlie date
in Arabic numerals. Catharine I in 1725
issued a Klippe or scjuare Ruble and corresponding
half and quarter. These have
the double eagle in each corner and the
value and date in the centre.
Ruddock, also, but rarely, written Rid-
(lock. An obsolete slang name for a gold
coin in "allusion to its ruddy color.
John Lyly, in his play .1/ irZns, 1592(ii.l),
has the line : "If . . .he haue golden ruddocks
in his bagges, he must be wise and
honourable."
Mabbe, in a translation of Aleman's
Guzman d'Alfarache, 1622 (ii, 147), says:
"Three thotisand erowncs, in good, dainty
braue ruddocks, all good double pistolets.
"
Riibener, or Riiben Batzen. A nickluime
given to small silver coins of Salzburg,
struck by the Archbishop Leonhard
von Keutschach (1495-1519), from the turnip
in the armorial shield. A so-called
Riiben Thaler and Riiben Gulden (Frey
No. 520) were struck by the same prelate.
Rundstiicke, or Rundstycken, meaning
'
' round pieces, '
' is the popular name for
the Swedish Ore of copper. They occur as
singles, doubles, and quadruples under
Charles X^ (1660-1697), struck for Reval,
Narva, etc.
Richard Hayes, in The Negociator's
Magazine, 1740 (p. 337), has the following
passage
:
[
"In Stockholm they keep their accounts
in Rixdollars, Copper Dollars, and Runsticks,
reckoning 32 Runstieks to a Copper
Dollar, and 6 ('oi)pcr Dollars to a Rixdollar
valued at 3 Polish Florins, or about 4s.
6d. Sterling.
"They have no such coin as a Runstiek,
but [it] is only used in their reckoning;
yet they have copper Farthings, of which
they reckon 2 to a Runstiek, 3 Runstieks
to a Wliitton. 10^ Wliittons to a Cop])cr
Dollar, and 6 Copper Dollars, or 64 Whittons
to a Rixdollar.
"
Rupee, also called Rupih and Roupie. A
silver coin of India, dating back to the
reign of Sher Shah (A.II. 946-952), and
copied in Assam, Ceylon, Jlombasa, etc.
The name is probably derived from the
Sanscrit word Rupa, meaning cattle. See
Sihansah.
In 1676 the Bombay mint was authorized
by Charles II "to coin rupees, pice, and
budgrooks, "' which were to be current in
all the dependencies of the East India Company
; and in 1758 the coinage rights in
Bengal were granted to the Company and
Rupees were issued in the name of Alamgir
II, with the regnal year 5 A.H.
The ancient silver standard of India was
superseded in 1899 by the gold standard,
with an arbitrary rating of the Rupee at
sixteen Pence, which is maintained by
means of a gold redemption fund. The
present Rupee weighs one hundred and
eight.v grains, or 11.66 grammes, and is
nine hundred and sixteen one thousandths
to nine hundred and twenty-five one thousandths
fine.
The divisions consist of sixteen Annas,
each of four Pice, each of three Pies.
There are also half, quarter, and eighth
Rupees. In Ceylon the Rupee is divided
into one hundred Cents. See Mahbubia
and Sicca, and conf. Zay (p. 306).
Rupi. A silver coin of Persia. See
Nadiri.
Rupia. A silver coin of Goa and Diu,
first issued in 1725, with a value of six
iumdred Reis. A corresponding half was
struck in 1729. The ])resent Portuguese
Indian Rujtia corresponds witli the British
Indian Rupee.
Rupie. A silver coin of German East
Africa, introduced in 1890, and divided
into one hundred Heller. There is a double
Rupie of the same type.
Ruspone. A gold coin of the value of
three Zeechini, introduced at Florence under
Giovanni Gastone (1723-1737) of the
Medici family, and continued to the time
of the provisional government of 1859.
Tlie Italian word ruspa, when used to
describe a coin, means in mint condition,
and the name was probably applied to
these pieces on account of their being uniformly
bright and well preserved.
Russino. The name given to a variety
of Grosso struck bv Theodore I of Montefcrrato
(1306-1338) at the mint of Chivasso.
Ryal. A Scottish gold coin, of which
there is a pattern in the second coinage
of James V (1525), but which did not
appear as a regular issue until the reign
of Mary I and dated 1555. It had a value
of sixty Shillings and is consequently sometimes
referred to as the Three-pound Piece.
It is twenty-two carats fine and weighs one
luindred and eighteen grains.
The silver Ryal, with its divisions of one
third and two thirds, was first issued in
1565. The second type bears on the reverse
a tortoise or "schell padocke" creeping
up the trunk of a yew tree which is
supposed to intimate the ascent of Henry
Darnley, son of the Earl of Lennox bj' his
marriage to Mary. These Ryals are also
called Cruickston Dollars (q.v.). They are
eleven parts fine to one part alloy, and
weigh four hundred and seventy-two and
one half grains.
The Ryal, or Thirty Shilling Piece, of
James VI is commonly known as the
Sword Dollar (q.v.).
Ryal. A name given to the Rose Noble
in the time of Edward IV. In 1543 the
half Sovereign of the value of ten Shillings
was substituted for the Ryal. See Noble.
Ryal. See Rial.
Ryder. See Rider and Rijder.
Ryksdaalder. See Rijksdaalder.
Ryksort. See Ort.
Rynsgulden. The name given to the
gold Florin struck at Arnheim by William,
Duke of Juliers and Gueldres (1383-1402).
Ryo. A Japanese standard of value
equal to ten Momme. It was used in determining
the weight of gold in dust or grains,
when this form of the metal was used for
payment, and when the Oban (q.v.) was
issued it was stamped with the Ryo value.
The Ryo ordinarily was computed at
twenty Kwan, or twenty thousand Mon of
copper coin. It was equal to four Bu or
sixteen Shu. See Munro (pp. 186, 189).
Ryuhei Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene.